In the second book, Count Zero (1986), Papa Legba stands at the gateway to cyberspace as the "master of roads and pathways," with other loa appearing throughout the book.
There is extensive referencing to voudon in the Sprawl trilogy (1984-1988) by William Gibson.
This is also made clear in ethnomusicologist Bruno Blum's text for the CD box set Voodoo in America where reference to Papa Legba, deity of roads and crossroads, in Robert Johnson's iconic song "Crossroads" is explained. Palmer notes that Legba can be referred to/identified as "the Devil", "Papa Legba", and "The Black Man" throughout the history of the blues. In his study of the Delta blues, Robert Palmer discusses the appearance of Legba in blues lyrics and lore. This emerged as Lwa Papa Legba in Haitian vodou, spirit Papa Laba in New Orleans Hoodoo and as the Oricha Elegua in Santeria. Papa Legba is thought to have emerged from the Yoruba and Gbe (Tadoid) diaspora as a continuation of the Orisha Eshu. Alternatively, he is addressed as Legba Atibon, Atibon Legba, or Ati-Gbon Legba. In Benin, Nigeria, Togo, and Ghana, mainly among the Yoruboid and Gbe (Tadoid) peoples, Legba is viewed as a young and virile trickster deity, often horned and phallic, and his shrine is usually located at the gate of the village in the countryside. He is often tasked with babysitting and distracting children (a typical male role in the matrilineal religion) while more serious rituals are being performed by the adults. Legba is a favorite Lwa of children due to his jolly, grandpa-like image. Offerings to him typically include candy. His veve incorporates a walking cane on the right side. Legba is syncretized with Saint Peter, Saint Lazarus, and Saint Anthony. He usually appears as an old man on a crutch or with a cane, wearing a broad-brimmed straw hat and smoking a pipe, or drinking dark rum. Papa Legba has his origins in the historic West African kingdom of Dahomey, located within present-day Benin. Papa Legba is invoked at the beginning of every ceremony. Legba facilitates communication, speech, and understanding. He stands at a spiritual crossroads and gives (or denies) permission to speak with the spirits of Guineé, and is believed to speak all human languages. Papa Legba is a lwa in Haitian Vodou, Winti and Louisiana Voodoo, who serves as the intermediary between the Bondye and humanity.
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